Targeting burrows improves detection in giant pangolin <i>Smutsia gigantea</i> camera-trap surveys

Abstract The Endangered giant pangolin Smutsia gigantea is rare and elusive across its Central African range. Because of solitary nocturnal nature, the species difficult to study so ecology little known. Pangolins are considered most trafficked mammals in world. Therefore, confirming presence accurately monitoring trends distribution abundance essential inform prioritize conservation efforts. Camera traps popular tools for surveying cryptic species. However, non-targeted camera-trap surveys yield low camera-trapping rates pangolins. Here we use data from conducted within three protected areas Uganda test whether targeted placement cameras improves detection probability occupancy models. results indicate that highest when camera on burrows. median number days deployment first event was 12, with majority events captured 32 deployment. interval between at a site 33 days. We demonstrate can be designed improve pangolins outline set recommendations maximize effectiveness efforts survey monitor